Смотри, что у тебя внутри - Страница 29

103

S. H. Duncan et al., “Contribution of Acetate to Butyrate Formation by Human Faecal Bacteria,” British Journal of Nutrition 91 (2004): 915–23.

104

World Gastroenterology Organisation, World Gastroenterology Organisation Practice Guideline: Probiotics and Prebiotics (May 2008). .

105

Чтобы вы могли получить представление о результатах клинических испытаний: в перекрестном, плацебоконтролируемом, двойном слепом исследовании потребление 30 граммов в день пребиотика под названием изомальт (смесь полиолов 1-О-Dглюкопиранозила-D-маннитола и 6-О-D-глюкопиранозила-Dсорбитаола) в течение четырех недель привело к увеличению доли бифидобактерий на 65 процентов и увеличению общего количества их клеток на 47 процентов по сравнению с потреблением сахарозы. Другими словами, этот пребиотик увеличил количество представителей вида бактерий, который считается полезным, хотя прямое его воздействие на функции кишечника не изучалось. В другом исследовании, где двенадцать добровольцев принимали по 10 граммов инулина в день в течение шестнадцати дней, доля бактерий вида Bifidobacterium adolescentis увеличилась с 0,89 до 3,9 процента от общего количества микробов по сравнению с контрольным периодом без каких-либо пищевых добавок. A. Gostner, “Effect of Isomalt Consumption on Faecal Microflora and Colonic Metabolism in Healthy Volunteers,” British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 1 (January 2006): 40–50; C. Ramirez-Farias et al., “Effect of Inulin on the Human Gut Microbiota: Stimulation of Bifidobacterium Adolescentis and Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii,” British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 4 (February 2009): 541–50.

106

H. Steed et al., “Clinical Trial: The Microbiological and Immunological Effects of Synbiotic Consumption – A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study in Active Crohn’s Disease,” Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 32, no. 7 (October 2010): 872–83.

107

D. Linetzky Waitzberg, “Microbiota Benefits After Inulin and Partially Hydrolized Guar Gum Supplementation: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Constipated Women,” Nutricion Hospitalaria 27, no. 1 (January/February 2012): 123–29.

108

Z. Asemi et al., “Effects of Synbiotic Food Consumption on Metabolic Status of Diabetic Patients: A Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Controlled Clinical Trial,” Clinical Nutrition 33, no. 2 (April 2014): 198–203.

109

J. A. Applegate et al., “Systematic Review of Probiotics for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Acute Diarrhea in Children,” supplement 3, BMC Public Health 13 (2013): S16.

110

A. P. Hungin et al., “Systematic Review: Probiotics in the Management of Lower Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Clinical Practice – An Evidence-Based International Guide,” Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 38, no. 8 (October 2013): 864–86.

111

N. P. McNulty et al., “The Impact of a Consortium of Fermented Milk Strains on the Gut Microbiome of Gnotobiotic Mice and Monozygotic Twins,” Science Translational Medicine 3, no. 106 (October 26, 2011): 106ra106.

112

H. J. Kim et al., “A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Probiotic Combination VSL# 3 and Placebo in Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Bloating,” Neurogastroenterology and Motility: The Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 17, no. 5 (October 2005): 687–96.

113

D. J. Merenstein, J. Foster, and F. D’Amico, “A Randomized Clinical Trial Measuring the Influence of Kefir on Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: The Measuring the Influence of Kefir (MILK) Study,” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 163, no. 8 (August 2009): 750–54; R. S. Beniwal, “A Randomized Trial of Yogurt for Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences 48, no. 10 (October 2003): 2077–82.

114

“Clostridium Difficile Fact Sheet,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed September 2014, .

115

I. Youngster, “Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Relapsing Clostridium Difficile Infection Using a Frozen Inoculum from Unrelated Donors: A Randomized, Open-Label, Controlled Pilot Study,” Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 58, no. 11 (June 1, 2014): 1515–22; Z. Kassam et al., “Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium Difficile Infection: Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 108, no. 4 (April 2013): 500–508.

116

“How Well Do Vaccines Work?”, Vaccines. gov, US Department of Health and Human Services, accessed October 11, 2014, .

117

“Vaccines • Disease,” Immunization Healthcare Branch, accessed October 11, 2014, .

118

Y. Li et al., “On the Origin of Smallpox: Correlating Variola Phylogenics with Historical Smallpox Records,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, no. 40 (October 2, 2007): 15787–92.

119

Rob Stein, “Should Last Remaining Known Smallpox Virus Die?”, Washington Post, March 8, 2011.

120

Z. Wang et al., “Gut Flora Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine Promotes Cardiovascular Disease,” Nature 472, no. 7341 (April 7, 2011): 57–63.

121

A. D. Kostic et al., “Genomic Analysis Identifies Association of Fusobacterium with Colorectal Carcinoma,” Genome Research 22, no. 2 (February 2012): 292–98.

122

Ley, “Microbial Ecology.”

123

C. A. Lowry et al., “Identification of an Immune-Responsive Mesolimbocortical Serotonergic System: Potential Role in Regulation of Emotional Behavior,” Neuroscience 146, no. 2 (May 11, 2007): 756–72.

124

G. A. Rook, C. L. Raison, and C. A. Lowry, “Can We Vaccinate Against Depression?”, Drug Discovery Today 17, nos. 9–10 (May 2012): 451–58.

125

“Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) in Newborns,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed October 11, 2014, .

126

J. F. Burns, “British Medical Council Bars Doctors Who Linked Vaccine with Autism,” New York Times, May 24, 2010.

127

“Possible Side Effects from Vaccines,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed October 11, 2014, .

128

New York Times editorial board, “The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance,” New York Times, May 10, 2014.

129

M. J. Blaser, Missing Microbes: How the Overuse of Antibiotics Is Fueling Our Modern Plagues. New York: Henry Holt, 2014.

130

“Battle of the Bugs: Fighting Antibiotic Resistance,” US Food and Drug Administration, last modified August 17, 2011, .

131

G. D. Wright, “Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibiotics,” Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 7, no. 5 (October 2003): 563–69.

132

V. J. Paul et al., “Antibiotics in Microbial Ecology: Isolation and Structure Assignment of Several New Antibacterial Compounds from the Insect-Symbiotic Bacteria Xenorhabdus Spp,” Journal of Chemical Ecology 7, no. 3 (May 1981): 589–97.

133

“Use of Antimicrobials Outside Human Medicine and Resultant Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans,” World Health Organization, accessed October 12, 2014, , .

134

R. M. Lowe et al., “Escherichia Coli O157: H7 Strain Origin, Lineage, and Shiga Toxin 2 Expression Affect Colonization of Cattle,” Applied Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 15 (August 2009): 5074–81.

135

I. Cho et al., “Antibiotics in Early Life Alter the Murine Colonic Microbiome and Adiposity,” Nature 488, no. 7413 (August 30, 2012): 621–26.

136

Blaser, Missing Microbes.

137

L. Trasande et al., “Infant Antibiotic Exposures and Early-Life Body Mass,” International Journal of Obesity 37, no. 1 (January 2013): 16–23.

138

S. Foliaki et al., “Antibiotic Use in Infancy and Symptoms of Asthma, Rhinoconjunctivitis, and Eczema in Children 6 and 7 Years Old: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase III,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 124, no. 5 (November 2009): 982–89.